WMO Report on the State of the Global Climate 2022

 In April 2022, WMO released the Report: State of the Global Climate 2022.

Key messages:

• The global mean temperature in 2022 was 1.15 [1.02–1.28] °C above the 1850–1900 average. The years 2015 to 2022 were the eight warmest in the 173-year instrumental record. The year 2022 was the fifth or sixth warmest year on record, despite ongoing La Niña conditions. 
• The year 2022 marked the third consecutive year of La Niña conditions, a duration which has only occurred three times in the past 50 years. 
• Concentrations of the three main greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide – reached record highs in 2021, the latest year for which consolidated global values are available (1984–2021). The annual increase in methane concentration from 2020 to 2021 was the highest on record. Real-time data from specific locations show that levels of the three greenhouse gases continued to increase in 2022. 
• Around 90% of the energy trapped in the climate system by greenhouse gases goes into the ocean. Ocean heat content, which measures this gain in energy, reached a new observed record high in 2022. 
• Despite continuing La Niña conditions, 58% of the ocean surface experienced at least one marine heatwave during 2022. In contrast, only 25% of the ocean surface experienced a marine cold spell. 
• Global mean sea level continued to rise in 2022, reaching a new record high for the satellite altimeter record (1993–2022). The rate of global mean sea level rise has doubled between the first decade of the satellite record (1993–2002, 2.27 mm per year) and the last (2013–2022, 4.62 mm per year). 
• In the hydrological year 2021/2022, a set of reference glaciers with long-term observations experienced an average mass balance of −1.18 metres water equivalent (mwe). This loss is much larger than the average over the last decade. Six of the ten most negative mass balance years on record (1950– 2022) occurred since 2015. The cumulative mass balance since 1970 amounts to more than −26 mwe. 
• In East Africa, rainfall has been below average in five consecutive wet seasons, the longest such sequence in 40 years. As of August 2022, an estimated 37 million people faced acute food insecurity across the region, under the effects of the drought and other shocks. 
• Record-breaking rain in July and August led to extensive flooding in Pakistan. There were at least 1700 deaths, and 33 million people were affected, while almost 8 million people were displaced. Total damage and economic losses were assessed at US$ 30 billion. 
• Record-breaking heatwaves affected China and Europe during the summer. In some areas, extreme heat was coupled with exceptionally dry conditions. Excess deaths associated with the heat in Europe exceeded 15000 in total across Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Portugal

E-Waste (Management) Second Amendment Rules, 2023 Notified

On July 27, 2023, MoEFCC notified the E-Waste (Management) Second Amendment Rules, 2023 to amend the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022. The provisions came into effect on the same date. 

 

Key Points: 

   1.Responsibilities of Manufacturer, Refurbisher and Recycler have been revised. Now, by adopting the destruction technologies which are approved as per the guidelines issued by the Central Pollution Control Board (‘CPCB’), they will have to ensure secure, accountable and sustainable management of refrigerant generated: 

• Manufacturer- during the manufacture of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. 

• Refurbisher- from the end-of life refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. 

• Recycler- from the end-of life refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. 

 

2. Rule 14 relating to Extended producer responsibility Certificate Generation has been revised. It says that in case where multiple end products have to be recycled, the conversion factor for generation of extended producer responsibility certificate will be determined as per the guidelines issued by the CPCB with the approval of the Steering Committee. 

 

3. Rule 16 focuses on Reduction in the use of hazardous substances in the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment and their components or consumables or parts or spares. 

• The new provision (2-A) exempts electrical and electronic equipment specified in Schedule- II C which are placed in the market on or before 1-4-2025 from the provisions of Rule 16 (1). 

• The new provision (2-B) exempts components/ consumables/ parts/spares required for electrical and electronic equipment referred in sub-rule (2A) till the 1-4-2028, provided reduction of hazardous substances compliant parts and spares are not available. 

 

    4. Schedule- II A has been inserted which relates to “Applications exempted from the provisions of sub-rule 1 of rule 16 specific to medical devices and monitoring and control instruments including laboratory equipment as listed in Schedule – I”. 

 

    5. Schedule- II B has been inserted which relates to “Categories of electrical and electronic equipment including their components, consumables, parts and spares covered under the rules”. [Rule 16 (2)] 6. Schedule- II C has been inserted which relates to “Categories of electrical and electronic equipment including their components, consumables, parts and spares covered under the rules”. [Rule 16 (2A) and 16 (2B)].