Arsenic and Fluoride Contamination of Drinking Water

The following are the highlights of a statement laid on the Table of Lok Sabha on 9.3.2017 (in response to a starred question) by the Minister for Drinking Water and Sanitation regarding contamination of drinking water with Arsenic and Fluoride:

Arsenic contamination above permissible limit:

·      9 states are severely affected.

·      14.8 m people are affected out of which 10.4 m are in West Bengal, 1.7 m in Bihar and 1.5 m in Assam.

·      Uttar Pradesh and Punjab are also seriously affected.

·      7820 habitations are affected in West Bengal.

Fluoride contamination above permissible limit:

·      11 states are severely affected.

·      11 m people are affected out of which 4.5 m are in Rajasthan, 1.4 m in Telangana, 1.3 m in Bihar and 0.6 m in West Bengal.

·      Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh are also seriously affected.

·      6538 habitations are affected in Rajasthan.

Thus, West Bengal and Bihar both suffer from Arsenic as well as Fluoride contamination.

According to another report placed in the Lok Sabha on 9.2.2017 by the Ministry, there is widespread contamination of drinking water in a number of states. Levels of salinity, fluorides, nitrates, arsenic, iron and heavy metals exceed permissible limits.

This post relates to Chapter 12 of the book.

The Impact of Environmental Pollution on Children

Children are especially vulnerable to environmental threats due to their developing organs and immune systems, smaller bodies and airways. In 2015, 5.9 million children under age five died. The major causes of child deaths globally are pneumonia, prematurity, intrapartum-related complications, neonatal sepsis, congenital anomalies, diarrhoea, injuries and malaria. Most of these diseases and conditions are at least partially caused by the environment.

In March 2017, the World Health Organization released two reports on the impact of environmental pollution on the children of the world.

The major findings if the two reports were:

• More than 1 in 4 deaths of children under 5 years of age are attributable to unhealthy environments.
• Every year, environmental risks – such as indoor and outdoor air pollution, second-hand smoke, unsafe water, lack of sanitation, and inadequate hygiene – take the lives of 1.7 million children under 5 years.
• A large portion of the most common causes of death among children aged 1 month to 5 years – diarrhoea, malaria and pneumonia – are preventable by interventions known to reduce environmental risks, such as access to safe water and clean cooking fuels.
• 570,000 children under 5 years die from respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollution, and second-hand smoke.
• 361,000 children under 5 years die due to diarrhoea, as a result of poor access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene.
• 270,000 children die during their first month of life from conditions, including prematurity, which could be prevented through access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene in health facilities as well as reducing air pollution.
• 200,000 deaths of children under 5 years from malaria could be prevented through environmental actions, such as reducing breeding sites of mosquitoes or covering drinking-water storage.
• 200,000 children under 5 years die from unintentional injuries attributable to the environment, such as poisoning, falls, and drowning.
• Emerging environmental hazards, such as electronic and electrical waste (such as old mobile phones) that is improperly recycled, expose children to toxins which can lead to reduced intelligence, attention deficits, lung damage, and cancer.
• With climate change, temperatures and levels of carbon dioxide are rising, favouring pollen growth, which is associated with increased rates of asthma in children. Worldwide, 11–14% of children aged 5 years and older currently report asthma symptoms and an estimated 44% of these are related to environmental exposures. Air pollution, second-hand tobacco smoke, and indoor mould and dampness make asthma more severe in children.
• In households without access to basic services, such as safe water and sanitation, or that are smoky due to the use of unclean fuels, such as coal or dung for cooking and heating, children are at an increased risk of diarrhoea and pneumonia.
• Children are also exposed to harmful chemicals through food, water, air and products around them. Chemicals, such as fluoride, lead and mercury pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, and others in manufactured goods, eventually find their way into the food chain. And, while leaded petrol has been phased out almost entirely in all countries, lead is still widespread in paints, affecting brain development.

This post relates to Chapter 11 of the book.