On November 8, 2024, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), New Delhi, released its annual state of extreme weather report. According to the report, extreme weather events have been steadily on the rise in India.
In 2024, India faced extreme weather events on 93 per cent of the days in the year’s first nine months - 255 out of 274 days - marked by heat and cold waves, cyclones, lightning, heavy rain, floods and landslides. These events claimed 3238 lives, affected 3.2 mha of crops, destroyed 235,862 houses and buildings, and killed approximately 9457 livestock. The report pointed out that it was very likely that even these reported damages were an underestimation due to incomplete data collection on event-specific losses, particularly on public property and crop damages. All the statistics were worse than those of 2023.
The year 2024 also set several climate records. January was India’s ninth driest since 1901. In February, the country recorded its second-highest minimum temperature in 123 years. May saw the fourth-highest mean temperature on record, and July, August and September all registered their highest minimum temperatures since 1901.
In the Northwest, January was the second driest, and July recorded the region’s second-highest minimum temperature. The Southern Peninsula saw its hottest February ever, followed by exceptionally hot and dry March and April, but with a 36.5% surplus in July rainfall and the second-highest minimum temperature in August.
In terms of event types, the first nine months of 2024 saw everything from lightning and storms - spanning 32 states and resulting in 1021 deaths -- to relentless monsoon rains, which led to flooding across various regions. In Assam alone, heavy rains, floods and landslides were recorded on 122 days, leaving large parts of the state submerged and communities devastated. Nationwide, 1376 lives were lost due to floods.
Madhya Pradesh experienced extreme weather on 176 days - the most in the country. Kerala recorded the highest fatalities at 550 (Wayanad landslides), followed by Madhya Pradesh (353) and Assam (256). Andhra Pradesh had the most houses damaged (85,806). Maharashtra, which saw extreme events on 142 days, accounted for over 60% of the affected crop area nation-wide, followed by Madhya Pradesh (25,170 ha).
Regionally, Central India faced the highest frequency of extreme events with 218 days, followed closely by the Northwest at 213 days. In terms of lives lost, the Central region had the most deaths (1001), followed by the Southern Peninsula (762 deaths), East and Northeast (741 deaths) and Northwest (734 deaths). Twenty-seven states and Union Territories saw a rise in extreme weather days in 2024, with Karnataka, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh each experiencing 40 or more additional days of such events.
These record-breaking statistics reflect climate change’s impact, where events that used to occur once every century are now happening every five years or even less. This frequency is overwhelming the most vulnerable populations, who lack the resources to adapt to this relentless cycle of loss and damage.
While heatwaves claimed 210 lives, the data did not reflect the extended health impacts of prolonged high temperatures on the wellbeing of people in North India, including farmers and labourers, who endured intense heat with little means of relief. Similarly, the toll of severe cold snaps and frost on crop losses is not captured, highlighting the need for robust compensation systems for weather-induced losses. Without this support, farmers are pushed into debt, exacerbating their marginalisation and poverty.
The report also emphasised the need for climate reparations from high-emission countries responsible for much of the damage. Climate models are clear: extreme weather events are set to become more frequent and severe.
