Government launches National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

On January 10, 2019, MoEFCC launched a time-bound National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) for pan-India implementation to tackle the increasing air pollution problem across the country.

The goal of the NCAP is to meet the prescribed annual average ambient air quality standards at all locations in the country in a stipulated timeframe (long-term). Taking into account the available international experiences and national studies, the tentative national level target of 20%–30% reduction of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration by 2024 is proposed under the NCAP. This is keeping 2017 as the base year for the comparison of concentration.

The overall objective of NCAP is comprehensive mitigation actions for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution besides augmenting the air quality monitoring network across the country and strengthening the awareness and capacity building activities.

This will be a mid-term, five-year action plan to begin with keeping 2019 as the base year. However, the international experiences and national studies indicate that significant outcome in terms of air pollution initiatives are visible only in the long-term, and hence the programme may be further extended to 20–25 years in the long-term after a mid-term review of the outcomes.

The NCAP approach will include:

·      Collaborative, multi-scale and cross-sectoral coordination between the relevant central ministries, state governments and local bodies.

·      Mainstreaming and integrating the existing policies and programmes of the including the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and other initiatives of Government of India in reference to climate changes.

·      City specific action plans for 102 non-attainment cities identified for implementing mitigation actions under NCAP.

·      Use of the Smart Cities framework to launch the NCAP in the 43 smart cities falling in the list of 102 non-attainment cities.

(Note: The non-attainment cities are those cities in which the prescribed norms under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are violated.)

Other features of NCAP include:

·      increasing number of monitoring stations in the country including rural monitoring stations,

·      technology support,

·      emphasis on awareness and capacity building initiatives,

·      setting up of certification agencies for monitoring equipment,

·      emphasis on enforcement,

·      specific sectoral interventions, etc.

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) shall execute the nation-wide programme.

New era of global climate action to begin under Paris Climate Change Agreement

At the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 24), held at Katowice, Poland, in early December 2018, governments adopted a robust set of guidelines for implementing the landmark 2015 Paris Climate Change Agreement. The implementation of the agreement will benefit people from all walks of life, especially the most vulnerable.

The agreed ‘Katowice Climate Package’ is designed to operationalize the climate change regime contained in the Paris Agreement. Under the auspices of the UN Climate Change Secretariat, it will promote international cooperation and encourage greater ambition. The guidelines will also promote trust among nations that all countries are playing their part in addressing the challenge of climate change.

The package sets out how countries will provide information about their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that describe their domestic climate actions. This information includes mitigation and adaptation measures as well as details of financial support for climate action in developing countries.

The package also includes guidelines that relate to:

• The process for establishing new targets on finance from 2025 onwards to follow-on from the current target of mobilizing USD 100 billion per year from 2020 to support developing countries
• Conducting the Global Stocktake of the effectiveness of climate action in 2023
• Assessing progress on the development and transfer of technology.

The agreed guidelines mean that countries can now establish the national systems that are needed for implementing the Paris Agreement as of 2020. The same will be done at the international level. Functioning together, these systems will ensure that nations can act in an atmosphere of trust and assess progress of their climate actions.

The main issues still to be resolved concern the use of cooperative approaches, as well as the sustainable development mechanism, as contained in the Paris Agreement’s Article 6. These would allow countries to meet a part of their domestic mitigation goals through the use of so-called “market mechanisms”. Market mechanisms provide flexible instruments for reducing the costs of cutting emissions, such as carbon markets.

The Paris Agreement recognizes the need for global rules to safeguard the integrity of all countries’ efforts. These global rules are important to ensure that each tonne of emissions released into the atmosphere is accounted for. In this way, progress towards the emission limitation goals of the Paris Agreement can be accurately measured.

After many exchanges and constructive discussions, the greatest majority of countries were willing to agree and include the guidelines to operationalize the market mechanisms in the overall package. Unfortunately, in the end, the differences could not be overcome. Because of this, countries have agreed to finalise the details for market mechanisms in the coming year, hoping to adopt them at the next UN Climate Change Conference (COP25) in 2019.

The final High-Level session in Katowice resulted in the Talanoa Call for Action, which calls upon all countries and stakeholders to act with urgency. Countries are encouraged to factor the outcome of the dialogue into efforts to increase their targets and to update their nationally determined contributions in 2020.

A High-Level stock-taking of actions taken gave countries the opportunity to assess their current level of ambition. Another stock-taking is planned for 2019.

Major Announcements

Many developed countries pledged financial support to enable developing countries to act on climate change. This is especially important for the replenishment of the Green Climate Fund. Countries have sent significant positive signals towards GCF’s first formal replenishment, with Germany and Norway announcing that they would double their contributions. The Adaptation Fund received a total of USD 129 million.

The engagement of multilateral development banks (MDBs), international organizations, businesses, investors and civil society at COP24 helped to build the political will towards the outcome in Katowice. Many made key announcements, that were critical to build momentum. These include:

• The World Bank’s pledge of $200 billion in climate action funding for the period 2021-2025;
• The MDBs’ announcement to align their activities with the goals of the Paris Agreement;
• The commitment by fifteen international organizations to make their operations climate neutral;
• The announcement by the C40 Cities coalition, which includes cities across the globe, to work with the IPCC to identify how the Global Warming of 1.5C report can apply to cities’ climate actions.

The next UN Climate Change Conference will take place in 2019 in Chile.